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In general, a Vietnamese pronoun〔In Vietnamese, ''đại từ xưng hô'' "personal substitute".〕 can serve as a noun phrase. In Vietnamese, a pronoun usually connotes a degree of family relationship or kinship. In polite speech, the aspect of kinship terminology is used when referring to oneself, the audience, or a third party. These terms might differ slightly in different regions. Many of them are derived from Chinese loanwords, but have acquired the additional grammatical function of being pronouns over the years. Vietnamese terms of reference can reveal the social relationship between the speaker and the person being referred to, differences in age, and even the attitude of the speaker toward that person. Thus a speaker must carefully assess these factors to decide the appropriate term. It's not unusual for strangers to ask each other about age when they first meet, in order to establish the proper terms of address to use. ==True pronouns== True pronouns are categorized into two classes depending on whether they can be preceded by the plural marker ''chúng'' or ''các''. Like other Asian pronominal systems, Vietnamese pronouns indicate the social status between speakers and other persons in the discourse in addition to grammatical person and number. The table below shows the first class of pronouns that can be preceded by pluralizer. The first person ''tôi'' is the only pronoun that can be used in polite speech. The second person ''ta'' is often used when talking to oneself as in a soliloquy, but also indicates a higher status of the speaker (such as that of a high official, etc.). The other superior-to-inferior forms in the first and second persons (''tao'', ''mày'', ''mi'', ''bay'') are commonly used in familiar social contexts, such as among family members (e.g. older sister to younger sister, etc.); these forms are otherwise considered impolite.〔Kinship terms are used instead in polite speech.〕 The third person form ''nó'' (used to refer to animals, children, and scorned adults, such as criminals) is considerably less arrogant than the second person forms ''tao'', ''mày'', ''mi'', ''bay''. The pronoun ''mình'' is used only in intimate relationships, such as between husband and wife. The pronominal forms in the table above can be modified with ''chúng'' as in ''chúng mày'', ''chúng nó''. There is an exclusive/inclusive plural distinction in the first person: ''chúng tôi'' and ''chúng tao'' are exclusive (i.e., me and them but not you), ''chúng ta'' and ''chúng mình'' are inclusive (i.e., you and me). Some of the forms (''ta'', ''mình'', ''bay'') can be used to refer to a plural referent, resulting in pairs with overlapping reference (e.g., both ''ta'' and ''chúng ta'' mean "inclusive we"). The other class of pronouns are known as "absolute" pronouns (Thompson 1965). These cannot be modified with the pluralizer ''chúng''. Many of these forms are literary and archaic, particularly in the first and second person. Unlike the first type of pronoun, these absolute third person forms (''y'', ''hắn'', ''va'') refer only to animate referents (typically people). The form ''y'' can be preceded by the pluralizer in southern dialects in which case it is more respectful than ''nó''. The absolute pronoun ''người ta'' has a wider range of reference as "they, people in general, (generic) one, we, someone".〔Compare Vietnamese ''người ta'' with the uses of French pronoun ''on'', which is somewhat similar in function.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vietnamese pronouns」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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